Apparatus and method for measuring physiological information of living subject in vehicle

ABSTRACT

Apparatus and method for measuring physiological information of a living subject in a vehicle are provided. The apparatus includes an illumination unit configured to emit light at a wavelength and illuminate a region of interest (ROI) of the living subject with the emitted light; a light sensing unit configured to remotely acquire signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the ROI of the living subject responsive to the illumination; a remote photoplethysmography (PPG) extraction unit configured to extract PPG signals from the acquired signals of light; a PPG processing unit configured to process the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determine a physical and psychological status of the living subject according to the vital signs; and a control unit configured to activate the illumination unit in a time-varying pattern and to activate the light sensing unit accordingly.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to collection of physiological information, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for measuring physiological information revealing one or more vital signs of one or more living subjects from video or light signal captured of these living subjects inside a cabin of a vehicle, including, but not limited to, cars, trains, ships and aircrafts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the present invention. The subject matter discussed in the background of the invention section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background of the invention section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background of the invention section or associated with the subject matter of the background of the invention section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background of the invention section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.

Physiological vital signs, for example, the body temperature (BT), the heart rate (HR), and/or the respiration rate (RR), along with the quantitative features extracted from these vital signs, such as heart rate variability (HRV) that measures the variation of beat-to-beat time interval, are direct indicators of a person's physical and psychological state and wellness. Therefore, persistent monitoring of vital signs prevails in clinic, gym and home settings for healthcare, fitness and leisure purposes.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) refers to the optical technique that measures the volumetric changes of an organ or body part. It utilizes the minute variation of light absorption of certain surface or volumetric region of interest (ROI) during physiological activities such as heart beating or breathing. PPG is often obtained by a pulse oximeter which records the time-lapsed change of light reflected from or transmitted through one or more ROI. This time-varying light absorption picked up by a pulse oximeter is a function of changes in arterial blood oxygen saturation and changes in blood volume in the skin.

Typically, a pulse oximeter comprises a red light emitting diode (LED) and an infrared LED as an illumination unit and a photodetector as a light sensing unit. Under the most common transmissive operation mode, the illumination unit contacts one side of a thin part of a living subject's body, such as a fingertip, earlobe, or forehead, emitting two wavelengths of light that are picked up by the light sensing unit from the other side. The illumination unit quickly switches between shots of red and infrared light, allowing the photodetector to measure the changing absorbance at each wavelength. Subsequent analysis of such dual-wavelength measurement (time division multiplexing) reveals the absorbance due to the arterial blood alone, removing artefacts from venous (deoxygenated) blood, skin, bone, muscle, fat, etc.

Although PPG is a favorable means of gauging vital signs as being simple, low-cost, and non-invasive, its nature of requiring direct contact between the PPG system and the living subject's body may lead to unpleasant and obtrusive experience. To ensure a good sensor attachment, most commercially available pulse oximeters are clamped onto fingertips or earlobes, exerting a pressure over the living subject's tissue that could cause discomfort. In addition, the PPG system and any attached cable would also prevent the subject from performing certain movement or work.

Therefore, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the art to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to apparatus and method for measuring physiological information revealing one or more vital signs of one or more living subjects from video captured of these living subjects inside a cabin of a vehicle, including, but not limited to, cars, trains, ships and aircrafts. To ensure system robustness under in-cabin settings, the invention comprises an illumination unit that enables one or more reflective and time-varying signals containing physiological information of one or more living subjects, a light sensing unit that acquires such signals, a physiological information extraction unit that extracts physiological information encoded in the reflective signals, a processing unit that estimates physical and psychological status of the one or more living subjects from the obtained physiological information.

In one aspect of the invention, an apparatus for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle comprises an illumination unit configured to emit light at a wavelength and illuminate at least one ROI of the at least one living subject with the emitted light; a light sensing unit configured to remotely acquire signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination; a remote PPG extraction unit configured to extract PPG signals from the acquired signals of light; a PPG processing unit configured to process the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determine a physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject according to the vital signs; and a control unit configured to activate the illumination unit in a time-varying pattern and to activate the light sensing unit accordingly. In one embodiment, the time-varying pattern is a continuous pattern, a periodic pattern, or a non-periodic pattern.

In one embodiment, the wavelength of the emitted light is about 950 nm, and the range of wavelengths of the reflected light is about 900-1000 nm.

In one embodiment, the acquire signals of light comprise images of the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination.

In one embodiment, the vital signs comprise an HR, an RR, an HRV, and a BT.

In one embodiment, the illumination unit comprises a light source, wherein the light source comprises a laser, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light bulbs, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the sensing unit comprises a camera, a charge-coupled device (CCD), or a photon sensor array.

In one embodiment, the PPG processing unit comprises at least one bandpass filter with desired cutoff frequencies.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a face recognition unit configured to detect and recognize facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the at least one living subject for evaluating a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the at least one living subject.

In one embodiment, the apparatus also comprises a driving style assessment unit configured to monitor maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle for evaluating performance of the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle.

In one embodiment, the apparatus may further comprise an in-cabin assistant unit configured to alert the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject is determined to be abnormal, and/or to contact an emergency service in case of emergency.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle comprises illuminating at least one region of interest (ROI) of the at least one living subject with light at a wavelength; remotely acquiring signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination; extracting PPG signals from the acquired signals of light; and processing the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determining a physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject according to the vital signs.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting and recognizing facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the at least one living subject so as to evaluate a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the at least one living subject.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises monitoring maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle so as to evaluate performance of the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises alerting the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject is determined to be abnormal, and/or contacting an emergency service in case of emergency.

In one embodiment, the light at the wavelength is emitted from a light source, wherein the light source comprises a laser, LEDs, light bulbs, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the signals of light in the range of wavelengths are acquired by a camera, a CCD, or a photon sensor array.

In one embodiment, the acquire signals of light comprise images of the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination.

In one embodiment, the wavelength of the emitted light is about 950 nm, and the range of wavelengths of the reflected light is about 900-1000 nm.

In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause a method for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle to be performed. In one embodiment, the method comprises illuminating at least one ROI of the at least one living subject with light at a wavelength; remotely acquiring signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination; extracting PPG signals from the acquired signals of light; and processing the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determining a physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject according to the vital signs.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting and recognizing facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the at least one living subject so as to evaluate a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the at least one living subject.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises monitoring maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle so as to evaluate performance of the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises alerting the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject is determined to be abnormal, and/or contacting an emergency service in case of emergency.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the following drawings, although variations and modifications therein may be affected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments of the invention and, together with the written description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The same reference numbers may be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements in the embodiments.

FIG. 1 shows schematically an apparatus for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows schematically an apparatus for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of the absorption spectrum of oxygenated (HbO₂) and deoxygenated (Hb) hemoglobin in blood.

FIG. 4 shows a diagram of the energy spectrum of sunlight radiation at the top of the atmosphere and at the sea level, including substances of major absorption bands.

FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a PPG signal acquired according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows schematically a flowchart for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this invention will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of the invention, and in the specific context where each term is used. Certain terms that are used to describe the invention are discussed below, or elsewhere in the specification, to provide additional guidance to the practitioner regarding the description of the invention. For convenience, certain terms may be highlighted, for example using italics and/or quotation marks. The use of highlighting has no influence on the scope and meaning of a term; the scope and meaning of a term is the same, in the same context, whether or not it is highlighted. It will be appreciated that same thing can be said in more than one way. Consequently, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein, nor is any special significance to be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. Synonyms for certain terms are provided. A recital of one or more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in this specification including examples of any terms discussed herein is illustrative only, and in no way limits the scope and meaning of the invention or of any exemplified term. Likewise, the invention is not limited to various embodiments given in this specification.

It will be understood that, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, it will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the invention.

Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower”, can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending of the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” or “has” and/or “having”, or “carry” and/or “carrying,” or “contain” and/or “containing,” or “involve” and/or “involving, and the like are to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. When used in this invention, they specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present invention, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical OR. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

As used herein, the term module may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC); an electronic circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code; other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system-on-chip. The term module may include memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor.

The terms chip or computer chip, as used herein, generally refers to a hardware electronic component, and may refer to or include a small electronic circuit unit, also known as an integrated circuit (IC), or a combination of electronic circuits or ICs.

As used herein, the term microcontroller unit or its acronym MCU generally refers to a small computer on a single IC chip that can execute programs for controlling other devices or machines. A microcontroller unit contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output (I/O) peripherals, and is usually designed for embedded applications.

The term interface, as used herein, generally refers to a communication tool or means at a point of interaction between components for performing wired or wireless data communication between the components. Generally, an interface may be applicable at the level of both hardware and software, and may be uni-directional or bi-directional interface. Examples of physical hardware interface may include electrical connectors, buses, ports, cables, terminals, and other I/O devices or components. The components in communication with the interface may be, for example, multiple components or peripheral devices of a computer system.

The term code, as used herein, may include software, firmware, and/or microcode, and may refer to programs, routines, functions, classes, and/or objects. Some or all code from multiple modules may be executed using a single (shared) processor. In addition, some or all code from multiple modules may be stored by a single (shared) memory. Further, some or all code from a single module may be executed using a group of processors. Moreover, some or all code from a single module may be stored using a group of memories.

The apparatuses and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

Accordingly, in one or more example embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

The description below is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. The broad teachings of the invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention includes particular examples, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. It should be understood that one or more steps within a method may be executed in different order (or concurrently) without altering the principles of the invention.

Certain aspects of the invention relate to apparatus and method that utilize a remote PPG (rPPG) system to measure and evaluate physiological information of one or more living subjects inside a cabin of a vehicle, including, but not limited to, cars, trains, ships and aircrafts, so as to determine and/or monitor a physical and psychological status of the of one or more living subjects. The term a living subject, as used herein, generally refers to a live human being. It should be noted that it can also refer to a live animal.

A remote PPG system is an emerging technology that provides a contact-free and unobtrusive solution to vital sign monitoring. In contrast to the conventional PPG system which requires both the illumination unit and the sensing unit in contact with a living subject's ROI, a remote PPG system deploys its illumination and sensing unit at a distance. A typical remote PPG system uses LED or ambient light as the illumination unit and a monochrome or color camera as the sensing unit. While distant light irradiation and detection of remote PPG system are desired for contact-free and unobtrusive applications, they are, however, detrimental to the system's signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and motion robustness by further attenuating the light intensity.

Recent advancements in remote PPG research and development focused on improving SNR ratio and system robustness under indoor application settings. The feasibility of acquiring PPG remotely with ambient light illumination and a commercial color camera was demonstrated. Spatial averaging of pixel intensity over an ROI and bandpass filtering was applied and green channel signal was selected as the optimal PPG output. Motion robustness of remote PPG was improved by incorporating red, green and blue channel signals with independent component analysis (ICA), which recovers three linearly-independent signals whose linear combination form the RGB signals. It was discovered that different absorption spectra of arterial blood and bloodless skin cause the variations to occur along a very specific vector in a normalized RGB-space and shown that such vector can contribute to more accurate remote PPG output.

In addition to clinic diagnosing and gym fitness tracking, smart in-vehicle driver monitoring is another promising field of application for remote PPG. Distraction, emotion (anger, sadness) and fatigue are among the top causes of traffic accidents and it is imperative to develop a driver monitoring system that continuously monitors the driver's status and acts against any adverse situation. Vital signs (e.g., HR, RR, HRV) extracted from PPG are directly related to fatigue and emotion. Contact-free and unobtrusive features of remote PPG system make it ideal for driver monitoring, where the driver's normal maneuver and operation should not be hindered. What is more, cameras used as the light sensing unit in remote PPG may also capture the driver's facial expression, which is another powerful indicator of distraction, emotion and fatigue. This gives the remote PPG system additional functionalities of analyzing facial expression.

In-cabin remote PPG application has a unique setting that is vastly different from the environment of above mentioned indoor applications. The absence of strong ambient light during night time requires the deployment of a dominant in-cabin illumination source, making most ambient-light-based remote PPG setups impractical. Another particularly challenging issue is the presence of direct or reflected sunlight. Together with the shadow of other objects, they impose substantial light noise to the current remote PPG system. Also, the limited space inside the cabin restricts drastic driver movement while there could be more small vibrations due to bumpy conditions. As a result, the remote PPG under indoor settings may not be applicable for in-vehicle vital sign measurements.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a remote PPG apparatus/system for measuring in-vehicle vital signs of a driver of a vehicle is schematically shown according to embodiments of the invention. For the purpose of concise illustration of the invention, the following description mainly focuses on the remote PPG apparatus for the in-vehicle vital sign measurements for the vehicle's driver 10 who performs normal driving tasks. It should be noted that the invention is also applicable to passengers in the vehicle.

In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the apparatus has an illumination unit 110, a light sensing unit 120, a remote PPG extraction unit 130, a PPG processing unit 140, and a control unit 150. Optionally, the apparatus may have one or more of a face recognition unit 160, a driving style assessment unit 170, and an in-cabin assistant unit 180.

Specifically, the illumination unit 110 is configured to emit light (i.e., electromagnetic radiation) 111 at a wavelength and illuminate an ROI, e.g., the face 11 of the driver 10 with the emitted light 111. The emitted light 111 is then reflected from the driver's face 11, and the reflected light 121 carries a time-varying signal 15 resembling heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) of the driver 10. In certain embodiment, the illumination unit 110 comprises a light source. The light source comprises a laser, LEDs, light bulbs, or a combination thereof. The laser may include a fiber laser, a diode laser, or the like; and the LEDs may include organic LEDs and the like.

The light sensing unit 120 is configured to remotely acquire signals of light 121 in a range of wavelengths reflected from the face 11 of the driver 10 responsive to the illumination of the emitted light 111. The acquire signals of light 121 are images of the face 11 of the driver 10. The light sensing unit 120 comprises a camera, a CCD, or a photon sensor array.

According to the invention, the emitted light 111 with the wavelength and certain intensity is adapted such that when it illuminates the face 11 of the driver 10, the reflected light 121 from the face 11 of the driver 10 is, under any weather or during any time of the day, fully detectable by the light sensing unit 120. Preferably, the wavelength of the emitted light 111 should maximize the variation in reflected signal 121 due to driver's physiological activities while maintaining a reasonable SNR ratio. Such wavelength should also address the unique challenges faced by in-vehicle settings.

The absence of strong ambient light at night implies little to none background or passive optical signal for the driver's ROI to reflect and for the remote PPG system to pick up. This violates the dominant illumination requirement of most existing remote PPG systems and an active illumination source is needed. However, illumination sources emitting visible light may severely disturb the driver, raising safety concerns. An infrared illumination source is favored since it emits radiation imperceivable to human.

Changes of light absorption of arterial blood are the major factor that makes PPG technology viable. When heart beats, it pumps oxygen-rich blood that has a different light absorption rate than normal arterial blood, leading to a change in the light absorbed and reflected. The amount of such change is a strong function of the wavelength of incident radiation and should be maximized at an optimal wavelength. FIG. 3 shows the absorption spectrum of oxygenated (HbO₂) and deoxygenated (Hb) hemoglobin, corresponding to oxygen-rich and normal blood in artery. Most state-of-the-art remote PPG systems use yellow-green light (λ=520-590 nm) and red light (λ=635-700 nm) as they represent significant gaps in the absorption band. Another wavelength candidate would be infrared (IR) range (λ=800-1000 nm).

Unlike indoor remote PPG applications that use artificial illumination sources void of sunlight, in-vehicle environments suffer strong interference from sunlight. FIG. 4 shows that the irradiation of sunlight spans the entire spectrum so that it will inevitably pollute the radiation from the illumination source. During vehicle movement, light directly from the sun, reflected from surroundings and speckle shadows may together produce a periodic noise signal so similar to the PPG signal that such noise cannot be removed or reduced by the remote PPG system, causing system failure. Since it is trivial to shield sunlight under in-vehicle settings due to safety, scenic and aesthetic reasons, an operation wavelength in which the sunlight has lower power density is preferred. While radiation spectrum on top of the atmosphere is a smooth and continuous curve, the spectrum at the sea level exhibits several trenches because light with certain wavelengths is absorbed by substances such as ozone (O₃), oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Spectral irradiance of sunlight at these trenches is at least 50% less than that outside of the trenches, suggesting a lower interference level to the remote PPG system. Trenches at about 750 nm and about 900-1000 nm are close to the visible light spectrum and the latter is preferred for its broad bandwidth. Consequently, an optical bandpass filter with a pass band around the 900-1000 nm trench will remove most of the sunlight interference from the system.

Based on the above discussion, in one exemplary embodiment, infrared LEDs emitting infrared light centered at about 950 nm are utilized as the illumination unit 110, and a camera receiving light of approximately 900-1000 nm with a resolution of 1280×800 is utilized as the light sensing unit 120. The camera captures frames at about 53 frames per second (fps).

Other embodiments of the illumination unit and the sensing unit operating around the similar wavelengths can also be utilized to practice the invention. That is, the illumination unit emits light having a wavelength centered around 950 nm, and the light sensing unit acquires the reflected light in a wavelength range of about 900-1000 nm, which in certain embodiments, can be achieved by an optical bandpass filter with a pass band about 900-1000 nm.

Operably, the illumination unit 110 and the light sensing unit 120 are placed within an optimal range to the driver. A distance shorter than this optimal range reduces the area that the light sensing unit 120 can monitor. The driver may move out of the camera frame and the system loses input data. A distance longer than the optimal range further attenuates the radiation signal, reducing SNR ratio and system robustness. Also, it is preferred to illuminate and capture the driver's frontal face to reduce shadow and increase reflection received.

Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 2, particularly to FIG. 2, the control unit 150 is configured to activate the illumination unit 110 in a time-varying pattern and to activate the light sensing unit 120 accordingly. When the illumination unit 110 is activated, it emits the light 111, otherwise, it is turned off and emits no light. Similarly, when the light sensing unit 120 is activated, it acquires the reflected light 121, otherwise, it is turned off. The time-varying pattern is a continuous pattern, a periodic pattern, or a non-periodic pattern.

Although the selected infrared light is imperceivable to human and carries a lower energy than visible light does, extended exposure could still be hazardous to the driver. Thus, the control unit 150 is configured to turn on the illumination unit 110 only upon data collection. Depending on the sampling rate, the illumination unit 110 may be activated only 10% to 50% of the time. This control unit 150 is also configured to synchronize and trigger the light sensing unit 120 while the illumination unit 110 is activated, saving valuable memory storage and computation power. The control unit 150 may have its own memory cache and computation module such as a microcontroller unit (MCU), or may share them with one or more other units.

The control unit 150 may also include other hardware and software module for non-uniform illumination correction and motion artefacts removal so that subsequent PPG extraction can be performed consistently.

The remote PPG extraction unit 130 is configured to extract PPG signals from the acquired signals of light, i.e., the images of the face (ROI) 11 of the driver 10 acquired by the light sensing unit 120. The raw image signal first goes through preprocessing to have motion artefacts removed and nonuniform illumination corrected, isolating the PPG signal. The preprocessing phase may also include a face detection algorithm that locates the living subject's face and discard the undesired parts of the image. For multi-subject applications, a subject segmentation unit can be added before the PPG extraction unit to recognize and separate multiple subjects and then computes the PPG signal for each individual.

Then one or more ROIs of width w_(i) and height h_(i) at time t_(j) [ROI ₁(h ₁ ×w ₁ ,t _(j)),ROI ₂(h ₂ ×w ₂ ,t _(j)), . . . , ROI _(k)(h _(k) ×w _(k) ,t _(j))] is selected from the preprocessed image and a PPG signal is computed for each ROI by taking the spatial average over the corresponding region.

${PPG}_{i,t_{j}} = {\frac{1}{w_{i}h_{i}}{\sum_{m = 1}^{h_{i}}{\sum_{n = 1}^{w_{i}}{{ROI}_{i}\left( {m,n,t_{j}} \right)}}}}$

The time-varying remote PPG signal of an ROI is then acquired by constructing a tuple that combines the averaged PPG signal of that ROI at various times. PPG _(i)(t)=[PPG _(i,t) ₁ ,PPG _(i,t) ₂ , . . . ,PPG _(i,t) ₃ ]

The remote PPG extraction unit may also include any hardware or software module that computes the signal quality from different ROI and outputs the signal with the highest confidence.

For multiple living subject applications, a subject segmentation unit can be added before the PPG extraction unit to recognize and separate multiple subjects and then computes the PPG signal for each individual.

The PPG processing unit 140 is configured to process the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determine a physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject according to the vital signs including, but not limited to an HR, an RR, an HRV and a BT.

The remote PPG signal is a superposition of different physiological signals including HR and RR and these vital signs can be separated by applying proper frequency filter. In certain embodiments, the PPG processing unit 140 may include at least one bandpass filter with desired cutoff frequencies.

In one embodiment, the HR is extracted by applying a bandpass filter with certain cutoff frequencies, corresponding to a heart rate range of 30 to 300 beats per minute (bpm). FIG. 5 shows an exemplary remote PPG signal according to one embodiment of the invention and the referencing electrocardiography (ECG). The error for the HR has an average of 3.97 bpm and a standard deviation of 1.44 bpm.

In one embodiment, the RR is extracted by applying a bandpass filter with certain cutoff frequencies, corresponding to a respiration rate range of 6 to 24 counts per minute (cpm).

In one embodiment, HRV is computed from the HR, tracks the instantaneous heart rate based on the time interval between each heartbeat. Generally, frequency components of the HRV are classified into very low frequency (VLF, <0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF, 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15 to 0.4 Hz). They provide insights on a living subject's physical and psychological status. LF/HF ratio decreases as fatigue builds up in during extended monotonous driving.

When only rPPG-related physiological information is present, a driver is considered to be alert at the beginning of a drive and the signal acquired at this time is treated as alert baseline. The invention continuously measures rPPG-related physiological information at compare it with the alert baseline. Once a critical deviation from the alert baseline is detected the driver is considered as fatigue. In certain embodiment, a multi-input fatigue determination algorithm is used if other inputs such as facial expression and driving behavior are also present.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the apparatus further has a face recognition unit 160 configured to detect and recognize facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the driver 10 for evaluating a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the driver 10. The face recognition unit 160 may include, but not limited to, an imaging means such as camera for acquiring images of the driver's face 11, and one or more image processors for analyzing the acquired images recognize facial expression, head pose, eye gaze, etc. of the driver 10.

The face recognition unit 160 disclosed herein is different from the aforementioned face detection algorithm that only locates the presence of the driver's face and isolates the face region for subsequent remote PPG extraction. The face recognition unit 160, on the other hand, detects and recognizes the driver's facial expression as well as head pose and eye gaze, which would contribute to evaluating the driver's attention, fatigue and emotion status.

Attention status refers to the driver's visual attention on traffic conditions and surrounding objects. It is evaluated using head pose and eye gaze. The face recognition unit 160 contains codes that computes the driver's head pose and eye gaze and then determines whether the driver is paying enough visual attention. The in-cabin assistant unit 180 will alert the driver if he/she is distracted for an extended period.

Fatigue status refers to the driver's level of drowsiness and sleepiness that hinders his/her ability to perceive and react in a proper and timely fashion. Fatigue is usually classified, by severity, into alert phase, transitional phase, transitional to post-transitional phase and post-transitional phase. Drivers under fatigue exhibit unique facial expressions such as yawning, head nodding and longer blink time. These fatigue indicators provide another source of input for fatigue detection in additional to the remote PPG signal.

Emotion status refers to any conscious experience and mood within a driver. Seven basic emotions include anger, contempt, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise. Intense emotions act as a source of distraction and could hurt one's driving ability. The face recognition unit 160 contains codes that detects the driver's intense emotion from facial expression and urges the driver to calm down.

In addition, the apparatus may also have the driving style assessment unit 170 configured to monitor maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle for evaluating performance of the driver 10. The maneuver operations may include, but not limited to, an amount of throttle, brake and steering applied. The motion data include, but not limited to, speed, linear acceleration and angular acceleration.

Deterioration of the driver's attention, fatigue and emotion status ultimately lead to a decline of driving performance and raise safety concerns. For example, a tired driver would fail to react to an obstacle within optimal time and must perform more drastic maneuvers such as steering and braking. Thus, driving performance can be assessed by monitoring the driver's maneuver operations and the vehicle's motion. In certain embodiments, the driving style assessment unit 170 may include one or more of gyro sensors, acceleration sensors and motion sensors to detect information of the maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle. The information detected in the driving style assessment unit 170 is used to extract driving style features at the beginning period of a drive and continuously monitor the progression of driving style during the drive. The driver is considered as drowsy if his/her current driving style deviates greatly from the initial driving style.

Driver status analysis from both face recognition unit and driving style assessment unit should be used along with vital signs obtain by the invention to determine the driver's physical and psychological status precisely.

Furthermore, the apparatus further has an in-cabin assistant unit 180 configured to alert the driver when the physical and psychological status of the driver is determined to be abnormal, and/or to contact an emergency service in case of emergency. Once an absence of attention or drowsiness is detected, the in-cabin assistant unit 180 alerts the driver in visual, verbal or haptic means such as flashing cabin light, voice assistance or seat vibrations. The in-cabin assistant unit 180 should also contact emergency service in urgent scenarios. In certain embodiments, the in-cabin assistant unit 180 may include one or more wireless transceiver communicating with a radio of the vehicle through the Bluetooth® in the vehicle for sending the alert to the radio when needed, or transmitting SOS signals to the emergency service in case of emergency.

In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the illumination unit 110 and the light sensing unit 120 are designed as two individual components. In other embodiments, the illumination unit 110 and the light sensing unit 120 can be assembled as an integrated unit having illumination and sensing modules. In addition, the remote PPG extraction unit, the PPG processing unit and the control unit can also assembled as an integrated unit having PPG extraction, PPG processing and control modules.

In addition, the apparatus also has a power module either powered with batteries or connected to a power outlet of the vehicle for providing the power for the above disclosed units.

In another aspect of the invention, the method for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle, as shown in FIG. 6, includes the following steps.

At step S110, an ROI of the at least one living subject is illuminated with light at a wavelength. In one embodiment, the wavelength of the light is about 950 nm. In one embodiment, the illuminating step S110 is performed with the illumination unit 110 as disclosed above.

At step S120, signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the at least one living subject responsive to the illumination are remotely acquired. In one embodiment, the acquired signals of light are images of the ROI of the at least one living subject. In one embodiment, the range of wavelengths of the reflected light is about 900-1000 nm. In one embodiment, the acquiring step S120 is performed with the light sensing unit 120 as disclosed above.

In one embodiment, the illuminating step 110 and subsequently the acquiring step 120 are performed in a time-varying pattern. The time-varying pattern is a continuous pattern, a periodic pattern, or a non-periodic pattern.

At step S130, PPG signals from the acquired signals of light are extracted. In one embodiment, the extracting step S130 is performed with the remote PPG extraction unit 120 as disclosed above.

At step S140, the extracted PPG signals is processed in the form of vital signs and subsequently a physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject is determined according to the vital signs. In one embodiment, the processing and determining step S140 is performed with the PPG processing unit 140 as disclosed above.

In certain embodiments, steps S130 and S140 are respectively performed in the remote PPG extraction unit and the PPG processing unit of the above-disclosed system. In other embodiments, steps S130 and S140 may be performed in a server and/or cloud computing over the internet.

In addition, the method further comprises detecting and recognizing facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the at least one living subject so as to evaluate a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the at least one living subject.

Furthermore, the method may include monitoring maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle so as to evaluate performance of the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle, where the maneuver operations include an amount of throttle, brake and steering applied, and wherein the motion data include speed, linear acceleration and angular acceleration.

Moreover, the method also includes alerting the at least one living subject who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the at least one living subject is determined to be abnormal, and/or contacting an emergency service in case of emergency.

It should be noted that all or a part of the steps according to the embodiments of the invention is implemented by hardware or a program instructing relevant hardware.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the above disclosed method for measuring physiological information of at least one living subject in a vehicle to be performed. The computer executable instructions or program codes enable the above disclosed apparatus or a similar system to complete various operations in accordance with the above disclosed method. The storage medium/memory may include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access medium/memory such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices, and non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices.

The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented only for the purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and their practical application so as to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and the exemplary embodiments described therein.

Some references, which may include patents, patent applications and various publications, are cited and discussed in the description of this disclosure. The citation and/or discussion of such references is provided merely to clarify the description of the present disclosure and is not an admission that any such reference is “prior art” to the disclosure described herein. All references cited and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for measuring physiological information of a driver in a vehicle, comprising: an illumination unit configured to emit light at a wavelength and illuminate at least one region of interest (ROI) of the driver with the emitted light; a light sensing unit configured to remotely acquire signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the driver responsive to the illumination; a remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) extraction unit configured to extract photoplethysmography (PPG) signals from the acquired signals of light; a rPPG processing unit configured to process the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determine a physical and psychological status of the driver according to the vital signs, wherein the rPPG processing unit comprises at least one bandpass filter with desired cutoff frequencies; and the vital signs comprise at least a heart rate (HR), a respiration rate (RR), and a heart rate variability (HRV); wherein the RR is obtained by applying one of the at least one bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a respiration rate range to the extracted PPG signals; the HR is obtained by applying another of the at least one bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a heart rate range to the extracted PPG signals, and the HRV is computed from the HR, wherein the HRV has frequency components classified into very low frequency (VLF) of less than 0.04 Hz, low frequency (LF) of 0.04 Hz to 0.15 Hz, and high frequency (HF) of 0.15 Hz to 0.4 Hz; and a control unit configured to activate the illumination unit in a time-varying pattern and to activate the light sensing unit accordingly, wherein the apparatus is configured to assign the PPG signals including the RR, the HR and the HRV processed from the signals acquired at the beginning of a drive from the driver who drives the vehicle as an alert baseline, remotely and continuously acquire the signals from the driver when driving, process the acquired signals into the vital sign form of the PPG signals, and compare the processed PPG signals with the alert baseline, and alert the driver as fatigued when a critical deviation from the alert baseline is detected, wherein decrease of LF/HF ratio from the alert baseline indicates that the fatigue builds up during extended monotonous driving.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a face recognition unit configured to detect and recognize facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the driver for evaluating a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the driver.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a driving style assessment unit configured to monitor maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle for evaluating performance of the driver who drives the vehicle.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an in-cabin assistant unit configured to alert the driver who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the driver is determined to be abnormal, and/or to contact an emergency service in case of emergency.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the illumination unit comprises a light source, wherein the light source comprises a laser, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light bulbs, or a combination thereof.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensing unit comprises a camera, a charge-coupled device (CCD), or a photon sensor array.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the acquired signals of light comprise images of the at least one ROI of the driver responsive to the illumination.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wavelength of the emitted light is about 950 nm, wherein the range of wavelengths of the reflected light is about 900-1000 nm.
 9. A method for measuring physiological information of a driver in a vehicle, comprising: illuminating at least one region of interest (ROI) of the driver with light at a wavelength; remotely acquiring signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the driver responsive to the illumination; extracting photoplethysmography (PPG) signals from the acquired signals of light; and processing the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determining a physical and psychological status of the driver according to the vital signs, wherein the vital signs comprise at least a heart rate (HR), a respiration rate (RR), and a heart rate variability (HRV); wherein the processing step comprises applying one bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a respiration rate range to the extracted PPG signals to obtain the RR; applying another bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a heart rate range to the extracted PPG signals to obtain the HR, and computing the HRV from the HR, wherein the HRV has frequency components classified into very low frequency (VLF) of less than 0.04 Hz, low frequency (LF) of 0.04 Hz to 0.15 Hz, and high frequency (HF) of 0.15 Hz to 0.4 Hz; assigning the PPG signals including the RR, the HR and the HRV processed from the signals acquired at the beginning of a drive from the driver who drives the vehicle as an alert baseline; remotely and continuously acquiring the signals from the driver when driving, and processing the acquired signals into the vital sign form of the PPG signals and comparing the processed PPG signals with the alert baseline, and alerting the driver as fatigued when a critical deviation from the alert baseline is detected, wherein decrease of LF/HF ratio from the alert baseline indicates that the fatigue builds up during extended monotonous driving.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: detecting and recognizing facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the driver so as to evaluate a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the driver.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: monitoring maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle so as to evaluate performance of the driver who drives the vehicle.
 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: alerting the driver who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the driver is determined to be abnormal, and/or contacting an emergency service in case of emergency.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the acquire signals of light comprise images of the at least one ROI of the driver responsive to the illumination.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the wavelength of the emitted light is about 950 nm, wherein the range of wavelengths of the reflected light is about 900-1000 nm.
 15. A non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause a method for measuring physiological information of driver in a vehicle to be performed, the method comprising: illuminating at least one region of interest (ROI) of the driver with light at a wavelength; remotely acquiring signals of light in a range of wavelengths reflected from the at least one ROI of the driver responsive to the illumination; extracting photoplethysmography (PPG) signals from the acquired signals of light; and processing the extracted PPG signals in the form of vital signs and subsequently determining a physical and psychological status of the driver according to the vital signs, wherein the vital signs comprise at least a heart rate (HR), a respiration rate (RR), and a heart rate variability (HRV); wherein the processing step comprises applying one bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a respiration rate range to the extracted PPG signals to obtain the RR; applying another bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies corresponding to a heart rate range to the extracted PPG signals to obtain the HR, and computing the HRV from the HR, wherein the HRV has frequency components classified into very low frequency (VLF) of less than 0.04 Hz, low frequency (LF) of 0.04 Hz to 0.15 Hz, and high frequency (HF) of 0.15 Hz to 0.4 Hz; assigning the PPG signals including the RR, the HR and the HRV processed from the signals acquired at the beginning of a drive from the driver who drives the vehicle as an alert baseline; remotely and continuously acquiring the signals from the driver when driving, and processing the acquired signals into the vital sign form of the PPG signals and comparing the processed PPG signals with the alert baseline, and alerting the driver as fatigued when a critical deviation from the alert baseline is detected, wherein decrease of LF/HF ratio from the alert baseline indicates that the fatigue builds up during extended monotonous driving.
 16. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: detecting and recognizing facial expression, head pose, eye gaze of the driver so as to evaluate a status of attention, fatigue and emotion of the driver.
 17. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: monitoring maneuver operations and motion data of the vehicle so as to evaluate performance of the driver t who drives the vehicle.
 18. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: alerting the driver who drives the vehicle when the physical and psychological status of the driver is determined to be abnormal, and/or contacting an emergency service in case of emergency.
 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the respiration rate range is from about 6 to about 24 counts per minute (cpm); and the heart rate range is from about 30 to about 300 beats per minute (bpm). 